IntegratedCircuits

I will start a cheese company. Integrated Cheese.

Look at the die, and you will understand how it works. Then, say: "IC".

"This is how you recycle electronics"

List

• https://www.eevblog.com/forum/projects/need-to-know-about-generic-arm-processor-die-manufacturers/ - 5-10k for a micro wafer
• https://www.eevblog.com/forum/projects/unknown-circuits-die-pictures/ -

note that with identifying dies, you follow them like a maze, and look for bridges across different
sections. in this chip, there is a distinct general flow from the bottom left to the top right.
There are distinct bridges visible on the first section, and also you can see the two near identical
inputs (which in this case are a differential input according to the author). It also helps to colour
sections differently, if they can be identified.

IC Design

As you go smaller you get less voltage but go faster and have higher frequency. Therefore, instead of measuring voltage or current you might measure frequency changes, because high frequency is more accessible than access to voltage or current. Per amp hour 579.

74 Series Logic

Logic Gate Optocouplers

People don't usually talk about these, but in addition to standard optocouplers, there are also logic gate optocouplers. SCRs as well.

ADCs

Making analog to digital converters is as simple as A-D-C.

Types

AoE covers these thoroughly in 13.5.2. A simple write up is in Modern Electronic Test Equipment 2nd Edition, by K. Brindley. He says:

• Dual Slope - Integrator ramp up, then count clock cycles as it goes down.
• Sucessive Approximation Converter / SAR - The ADC that calculates multiple times based on the internal DAC or reference voltage, narrowing down the voltage to the correct answer (within the # of bits it is).

AoE disagrees with the definition of the SAR, and also discusses a few other types of ADCs, though ultimately categorizes them into 4 categories (though 1 and 2 appear similar and also 3 and 4 appear similar). Basic principles between them are similar, but I'm sure the devil of complexity is in the details. According to METE, you are either comparing voltages, or counting based on integration. "With a name like Delta Sigma, it has to be complex."

Voltage references at 2.048 volts

Here's one example: LM4040 - https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm4040.pdf It can also run at 4.096 volts. It's used in Nuts and Volts 2020 issue 5 as a (stable) reference voltage for the Nano and SS495A hall effect sensor. It is a zener diode.